HMS Victory
The
HMS Victory is the most famous 104-gun ship in Royal Navy history.
She was built between 1759 and 1765. She is best known as Horatio
Nelson’s flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, 1805. As of
today, she is docked at Portsmouth and is commissioned the oldest
warship in the world. She is a flagship of the Second Sea Lord and
Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command.
The commissioner of Chatham Dockyard was told to prepare a dry-dock
for the building of a new 106-gun first rate ship in December 1758. This
was strange because the Royal Navy were known to like smaller and more
maneuverable ships. The outlines for the new ships were based on the HMS
Royal George that had been launched in 1756 at the Woolwich Dockyard.
The architect to design the ship that Sir Thomas Slade who was the
appointed Surveyor of the Navy. The keel was laid down on July 23, 1759
and she was finally named in October 1760. It was named after the Annus
Mirabilis or Year of Victories of 1759. That was the year of the Seven
Years’ War and land victories were won at Quebec, Minden and naval
battles were won at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. The ship was then left to be
seasoned until May 7, 1765, the day when she was launched.
In 1759 she was the most powerful type of ship of her day. She had
three gun decks and each one mounting 100 guns. The Royal Navy always
built very large ships in order to fight major fleet battles. Unlike the
Spanish and French navies, who did not build First Rate ships until the
end of the American War of Independence of 1783. The Victory was
launched in 1765 but she was not commissioned until 1778. This long
waiting period was a weathering period for her timbres and that made
them well seasoned and that was one reason why she lived such a long
life.
The Victory’s first captain was John Lindsay who was appointed in
March 1778. However, he was transferred when Admiral Honorable Augustus
Keppel decided that he wanted to raise his flag on the Victory. She was
commissioned in May 1778 under the command of Rear Admiral John Campbell
as 1st Captain and Jonathan Faulknor as 2nd Captain with the flag of
Admiral Keppel. She had armor of smooth bore, cast iron cannon, and 42
pounders, 24 pounders, and 40 pounders. She later also had two carronade
guns and fired 68lb round shots.
She was in service for almost forty years and was known for her
superb qualities and she served as the flagship to many known Admirals
that included Kempenfelt, Howe, Hood, Jervis and Saumarez. She fought
the battle at Ushant in 1781 and St. Vincent in 1797. However, in 1797
she was said to no longer be fit for service and she was ordered to
become a hospital ship. However, the First Rate ship HMs Impregnable was
lost in 1700, the decision was reserved because the Royal Navy needed a
good First Rate ship and a great refitting took place at Chatham
between 1800 and 1803.
The First Battle of Ushant was when she went out to sea on July 9,
1778 and had a force of thirty ships of the line and on July 23, she saw
a French fleet of twenty nine ships 100 miles West of Ushant. The
French Admiral was supposed to avoid battle, but he was attacked and did
not have a choice. Two of his ships fled and so he battled with the
British with twenty seven boats. The French managed to pass the British
and then the Victory opened fire on the Breatagne of 110 guns. The
British escaped with little loss except for the rear division of Sir
Hugh Palliser. Keppel told him to send his ships to follow the French
but he refused and the battle was over. In 1780, the Victory received
3,923 sheets of copper on her hull to protect the hull below the
waterline.
The Second Battle of Ushant was on December 2, 1781 and the Victory
was led by Captain Henry Cromwell and held the flag of Rear Admiral
Richard Kempenfelt. She sailed with eleven other ships, a 50-gun fourth
rate, and five frigates in order to intercept a French convoy that was
sailing from Brest on December 10. The British did not know that the
Brest was protected by twenty other ships and so Kompenfelt ordered a
chase when he saw the convoy. The French lost fifteen sails and were
forced to return home.
The Battle of Cape St. Vincent was in 1797. Captain Robert Calder
and Captain George Grey were commanding the Victory under the flag of
Admiral Sir John Jervis. The fleet consisted of fifteen sail and six
frigates. He then heard that a Spanish fleet was close. Jervis
maneuvered to intercept and the battle of Cape St. Vincent occurred. The
Spanish fleet tried to break though the British line but the Victory
poured so much fire into her that the whole Spanish fleet turned around
and bore up. Horati Nelson was a decisive figure in this battle.
The Victory’s most famous Admiral was Horatio Nelson who commanded
her between May 1803 and October 1805. He was Commander-in-Chief of the
Mediterranean Fleet. He blockaded that French fleet for eighteen months.
In March 1805, the French fleet slipped out of harbor and Nelson chased
it all the way to the West Indies and back and never met it for battle.
The French were battle in Cadiz in Spain and then when they set sail to
the Mediterranean on October 19th, Nelson was waiting for them. On
October 21, 1805, the Victory went into battle off Cape Trafalgar
against the Franco-Spanish force. At 1148 the most famous signal in the
history of the Royal Navy, 'England Expects That Every Man Will Do His
Duty' flew from her masthead.’
Nelson was eventually shot by a marksman from France at the height
of this battle and Nelson died at 1630 navy time when the victory as
defined. The
Victory lost 57 men and 102 were wounded. Nelson was take
to Greenwich and buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral in January 6, 1806.
After she served some more in the Baltic and off the coast of Spain, the
Victory was placed into reserve in 1812 in Portsmouth. From 1824 she
became the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief in 1889. On January 12,
1922, she entered the dock in Portsmouth where she still stands today.
There is a story that states that when Thomas Hardy was the First Sea
Lord, he told his wife that he had just signed an order for the Victory
to be broken apart for scrap metal. His wife began to cry and made him
go back and rescind the order. Though this may not have happened, there
is in fact a page missing from the duty log containing orders for that
day.
In 1889, the Victory was also fitted as a Naval School of
Telegraphy. Soon, she became a proper Signal School and signal ratings
from ships paying off were sent to the Victory and not the barracks. The
School remained on the Victory until 1904, when training was moved
temporarily to the HMS Hercules and in 1906 the school was moved
permanently to a place at the Royal Navy Barracks.
The
Victory had a campaign to restore her because she had been
decaying while being docked. This was in 1921 and was led by the Society
of Nautical Research and called the Save the Victory Fund. The outcome
was that the British Government agreed to restore and preserve her to
commemorate history and Nelson. In 1941 she was bombed by the Luftwaffe
and received damage to the hull. The HMS Victory is still in commission
as the flagship of the admiral for the time being acting as Second Sea
Lord in his role as Commander in Chief of the Royal Navy’s Home Command.
She attracts about 350,000 visitors per year because she is a museum
ship now. The current commanding officer is Lt. Cdr. John Scivier and
the most senior Trafalgar descendant alive and HON Commanding officer is
James Hardy.
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